The shoulder is a complex and highly flexible joint system, composed of two main joints that allow a wide range of movements. Here’s a detailed look at how the shoulder works and the common problems associated with it:
Type : Ball-and-socket joint.
Components : The head of the humerus (upper arm bone) forms the ball, fitting into the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade) which acts as the socket.
Function : Provides a wide range of movement in multiple directions (e.g., lifting, rotating).
Type : Gliding joint.
Components : The acromion (top part of the scapula) meets the clavicle (collar bone).
Function : Facilitates arm movement over the head and contributes to the overall range of motion.
Rotator Cuff : A group of four muscles and their tendons that stabilize the shoulder.
Function : Keep the head of the humerus within the shallow socket and allow various arm movements.
Capsule : A fibrous sheath surrounding the joint.
Synovium : A membrane inside the capsule that produces synovial fluid for lubrication.
Function : Covers the surfaces of the bones in the joint, reducing friction and absorbing shock.
Subacromial Bursa : A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between the rotator cuff and the acromion.
Causes : Injury, overuse, infections, or systemic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms : Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
Causes : Overuse, aging, or trauma.
Symptoms : Pain, weakness, and difficulty lifting the arm.
Causes : Repetitive movements or prolonged pressure.
Symptoms : Pain and swelling, especially when moving the shoulder.
Causes : Overuse or sudden injury.
Symptoms : Pain and tenderness, especially in the front of the shoulder.
Causes : Wear and tear over time.
Symptoms : Pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion.
Causes : Sometimes follows injury or prolonged immobility.
Symptoms : Severe stiffness and pain, limiting movement.
Causes : Repeated overhead activities.
Symptoms : Pain when lifting the arm, weakness.
Causes : Trauma or accidents.
Symptoms : Severe pain, deformity, and inability to move the shoulder.
Physical Examination : Assessing movement, pain, and strength.
Imaging : X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to visualize bones and soft tissues.
Nerve Conduction Studies : To evaluate nerve function if nerve damage is suspected.
Medications : NSAIDs for pain and inflammation.
Physical Therapy : Strengthening and stretching exercises.
Injections : Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
Surgery : For severe cases, such as rotator cuff repair, shoulder replacement, or arthroscopic procedures.
Lifestyle Modifications : Improving posture, ergonomic adjustments, and activity modifications to reduce strain on the shoulder.
Rest and Activity Modification : Avoiding movements that exacerbate pain.
Ice and Heat Therapy : Applying ice for acute injuries and heat for chronic pain.
Pain Management : Using over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen.
Posture Correction : Maintaining good posture to alleviate strain on the shoulder.
Supportive Devices : Using pillows for support during sleep and ergonomic tools at work.
If pain persists beyond two weeks of self-treatment.
Severe pain or inability to move the shoulder.
Injections : Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.
Symptoms like fever, unwell feeling, or pain in other areas like thighs.
Understanding the structure and function of the shoulder, along with common problems and treatments, can help in managing shoulder issues effectively and maintaining optimal shoulder health.